1/* See LICENSE file for copyright and license details.
   2 *
   3 * dynamic window manager is designed like any other X client as well. It is
   4 * driven through handling X events. In contrast to other X clients, a window
   5 * manager selects for SubstructureRedirectMask on the root window, to receive
   6 * events about window (dis-)appearance.  Only one X connection at a time is
   7 * allowed to select for this event mask.
   8 *
   9 * Calls to fetch an X event from the event queue are blocking.  Due reading
  10 * status text from standard input, a select()-driven main loop has been
  11 * implemented which selects for reads on the X connection and STDIN_FILENO to
  12 * handle all data smoothly. The event handlers of dwm are organized in an
  13 * array which is accessed whenever a new event has been fetched. This allows
  14 * event dispatching in O(1) time.
  15 *
  16 * Each child of the root window is called a client, except windows which have
  17 * set the override_redirect flag.  Clients are organized in a global
  18 * doubly-linked client list, the focus history is remembered through a global
  19 * stack list. Each client contains an array of Bools of the same size as the
  20 * global tags array to indicate the tags of a client.
  21 *
  22 * Keys and tagging rules are organized as arrays and defined in config.h.
  23 *
  24 * To understand everything else, start reading main().
  25 */
  26#include <errno.h>
  27#include <locale.h>
  28#include <stdarg.h>
  29#include <stdio.h>
  30#include <stdlib.h>
  31#include <string.h>
  32#include <unistd.h>
  33#include <sys/select.h>
  34#include <sys/types.h>
  35#include <sys/wait.h>
  36#include <regex.h>
  37#include <X11/cursorfont.h>
  38#include <X11/keysym.h>
  39#include <X11/Xatom.h>
  40#include <X11/Xlib.h>
  41#include <X11/Xproto.h>
  42#include <X11/Xutil.h>
  43#ifdef XINERAMA
  44#include <X11/extensions/Xinerama.h>
  45#endif
  46
  47/* macros */
  48#define BUTTONMASK		(ButtonPressMask|ButtonReleaseMask)
  49#define CLEANMASK(mask)		(mask & ~(numlockmask|LockMask))
  50#define LENGTH(x)		(sizeof x / sizeof x[0])
  51#define MAXTAGLEN		16
  52#define MOUSEMASK		(BUTTONMASK|PointerMotionMask)
  53
  54
  55/* enums */
  56enum { BarTop, BarBot, BarOff };			/* bar position */
  57enum { CurNormal, CurResize, CurMove, CurLast };	/* cursor */
  58enum { ColBorder, ColFG, ColBG, ColLast };		/* color */
  59enum { NetSupported, NetWMName, NetLast };		/* EWMH atoms */
  60enum { WMProtocols, WMDelete, WMName, WMState, WMLast };/* default atoms */
  61
  62/* typedefs */
  63typedef struct Client Client;
  64struct Client {
  65	char name[256];
  66	int x, y, w, h;
  67	int basew, baseh, incw, inch, maxw, maxh, minw, minh;
  68	int minax, maxax, minay, maxay;
  69	long flags;
  70	unsigned int border, oldborder;
  71	Bool isbanned, isfixed, isfloating, isurgent;
  72	Bool *tags;
  73	Client *next;
  74	Client *prev;
  75	Client *snext;
  76	Window win;
  77};
  78
  79typedef struct {
  80	int x, y, w, h;
  81	unsigned long norm[ColLast];
  82	unsigned long sel[ColLast];
  83	Drawable drawable;
  84	GC gc;
  85	struct {
  86		int ascent;
  87		int descent;
  88		int height;
  89		XFontSet set;
  90		XFontStruct *xfont;
  91	} font;
  92} DC; /* draw context */
  93
  94typedef struct {
  95	unsigned long mod;
  96	KeySym keysym;
  97	void (*func)(const char *arg);
  98	const char *arg;
  99} Key;
 100
 101typedef struct {
 102	const char *symbol;
 103	void (*arrange)(void);
 104} Layout;
 105
 106typedef struct {
 107	const char *prop;
 108	const char *tag;
 109	Bool isfloating;
 110} Rule;
 111
 112/* function declarations */
 113void applyrules(Client *c);
 114void arrange(void);
 115void attach(Client *c);
 116void attachstack(Client *c);
 117void ban(Client *c);
 118void buttonpress(XEvent *e);
 119void checkotherwm(void);
 120void cleanup(void);
 121void configure(Client *c);
 122void configurenotify(XEvent *e);
 123void configurerequest(XEvent *e);
 124void destroynotify(XEvent *e);
 125void detach(Client *c);
 126void detachstack(Client *c);
 127void drawbar(void);
 128void drawsquare(Bool filled, Bool empty, Bool invert, unsigned long col[ColLast]);
 129void drawtext(const char *text, unsigned long col[ColLast], Bool invert);
 130void *emallocz(unsigned int size);
 131void enternotify(XEvent *e);
 132void eprint(const char *errstr, ...);
 133void expose(XEvent *e);
 134void floating(void); /* default floating layout */
 135void focus(Client *c);
 136void focusin(XEvent *e);
 137void focusnext(const char *arg);
 138void focusprev(const char *arg);
 139Client *getclient(Window w);
 140unsigned long getcolor(const char *colstr);
 141long getstate(Window w);
 142Bool gettextprop(Window w, Atom atom, char *text, unsigned int size);
 143void grabbuttons(Client *c, Bool focused);
 144void grabkeys(void);
 145unsigned int idxoftag(const char *t);
 146void initfont(const char *fontstr);
 147Bool isoccupied(unsigned int t);
 148Bool isprotodel(Client *c);
 149Bool isurgent(unsigned int t);
 150Bool isvisible(Client *c);
 151void keypress(XEvent *e);
 152void killclient(const char *arg);
 153void manage(Window w, XWindowAttributes *wa);
 154void mappingnotify(XEvent *e);
 155void maprequest(XEvent *e);
 156void maximise(void);
 157void movemouse(Client *c);
 158Client *nexttiled(Client *c);
 159void propertynotify(XEvent *e);
 160void quit(const char *arg);
 161void reapply(const char *arg);
 162void resize(Client *c, int x, int y, int w, int h, Bool sizehints);
 163void resizemouse(Client *c);
 164void restack(void);
 165void run(void);
 166void scan(void);
 167void setclientstate(Client *c, long state);
 168void setlayout(const char *arg);
 169void setmwfact(const char *arg);
 170void setup(void);
 171void spawn(const char *arg);
 172void tag(const char *arg);
 173unsigned int textnw(const char *text, unsigned int len);
 174unsigned int textw(const char *text);
 175void tile(void);
 176void togglebar(const char *arg);
 177void togglefloating(const char *arg);
 178void toggletag(const char *arg);
 179void toggleview(const char *arg);
 180void unban(Client *c);
 181void unmanage(Client *c);
 182void unmapnotify(XEvent *e);
 183void updatebarpos(void);
 184void updatesizehints(Client *c);
 185void updatetitle(Client *c);
 186void updatewmhints(Client *c);
 187void view(const char *arg);
 188void viewprevtag(const char *arg);	/* views previous selected tags */
 189int xerror(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee);
 190int xerrordummy(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee);
 191int xerrorstart(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee);
 192void zoom(const char *arg);
 193void selectview(const char *arg);
 194
 195/* variables */
 196char stext[256], buf[256];
 197double mwfact;
 198int screen, sx, sy, sw, sh, wax, way, waw, wah, xscreens;
 199int (*xerrorxlib)(Display *, XErrorEvent *);
 200unsigned int bh, bpos;
 201unsigned int blw = 0;
 202unsigned int numlockmask = 0;
 203void (*handler[LASTEvent]) (XEvent *) = {
 204	[ButtonPress] = buttonpress,
 205	[ConfigureRequest] = configurerequest,
 206	[ConfigureNotify] = configurenotify,
 207	[DestroyNotify] = destroynotify,
 208	[EnterNotify] = enternotify,
 209	[Expose] = expose,
 210	[FocusIn] = focusin,
 211	[KeyPress] = keypress,
 212	[MappingNotify] = mappingnotify,
 213	[MapRequest] = maprequest,
 214	[PropertyNotify] = propertynotify,
 215	[UnmapNotify] = unmapnotify
 216};
 217Atom wmatom[WMLast], netatom[NetLast];
 218Bool domwfact = True;
 219Bool dozoom = True;
 220Bool otherwm, readin;
 221Bool running = True;
 222Bool *prevtags;
 223Bool *seltags;
 224Client *clients = NULL;
 225Client *sel = NULL;
 226Client *stack = NULL;
 227Cursor cursor[CurLast];
 228Display *dpy;
 229DC dc = {0};
 230Layout *lt;
 231Window root, barwin;
 232#ifdef XINERAMA
 233XineramaScreenInfo *info = NULL;
 234#endif
 235
 236/* configuration, allows nested code to access above variables */
 237#include "config.h"
 238#define TAGSZ (LENGTH(tags) * sizeof(Bool))
 239static Bool tmp[LENGTH(tags)];
 240
 241/* function implementations */
 242
 243void
 244applyrules(Client *c) {
 245	unsigned int i;
 246	Bool matched = False;
 247	Rule *r;
 248	XClassHint ch = { 0 };
 249
 250	/* rule matching */
 251	XGetClassHint(dpy, c->win, &ch);
 252	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(rules); i++) {
 253		r = &rules[i];
 254		if(strstr(c->name, r->prop)
 255		|| (ch.res_class && strstr(ch.res_class, r->prop))
 256		|| (ch.res_name && strstr(ch.res_name, r->prop)))
 257		{
 258			c->isfloating = r->isfloating;
 259			if(r->tag) {
 260				c->tags[idxoftag(r->tag)] = True;
 261				matched = True;
 262			}
 263		}
 264	}
 265	if(ch.res_class)
 266		XFree(ch.res_class);
 267	if(ch.res_name)
 268		XFree(ch.res_name);
 269	if(!matched)
 270		memcpy(c->tags, seltags, TAGSZ);
 271}
 272
 273void
 274arrange(void) {
 275	Client *c;
 276
 277	for(c = clients; c; c = c->next)
 278		if(isvisible(c))
 279			unban(c);
 280		else
 281			ban(c);
 282
 283	focus(NULL);
 284	lt->arrange();
 285	restack();
 286}
 287
 288void
 289attach(Client *c) {
 290	if(clients)
 291		clients->prev = c;
 292	c->next = clients;
 293	clients = c;
 294}
 295
 296void
 297attachstack(Client *c) {
 298	c->snext = stack;
 299	stack = c;
 300}
 301
 302void
 303ban(Client *c) {
 304	if(c->isbanned)
 305		return;
 306	XMoveWindow(dpy, c->win, c->x + 3 * sw, c->y);
 307	c->isbanned = True;
 308}
 309
 310void
 311buttonpress(XEvent *e) {
 312	unsigned int i, x;
 313	Client *c;
 314	XButtonPressedEvent *ev = &e->xbutton;
 315
 316	if(ev->window == barwin) {
 317		x = 0;
 318		for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(tags); i++) {
 319			x += textw(tags[i]);
 320			if(ev->x < x) {
 321				if(ev->button == Button1) {
 322					if(ev->state & MODKEY)
 323						tag(tags[i]);
 324					else
 325						view(tags[i]);
 326				}
 327				else if(ev->button == Button3) {
 328					if(ev->state & MODKEY)
 329						toggletag(tags[i]);
 330					else
 331						toggleview(tags[i]);
 332				}
 333				return;
 334			}
 335		}
 336		if((ev->x < x + blw) && ev->button == Button1)
 337			setlayout(NULL);
 338	}
 339	else if((c = getclient(ev->window))) {
 340		focus(c);
 341		if(CLEANMASK(ev->state) != MODKEY)
 342			return;
 343		if(ev->button == Button1) {
 344			restack();
 345			movemouse(c);
 346		}
 347		else if(ev->button == Button2) {
 348			if((floating != lt->arrange) && c->isfloating)
 349				togglefloating(NULL);
 350			else
 351				zoom(NULL);
 352		}
 353		else if(ev->button == Button3 && !c->isfixed) {
 354			restack();
 355			resizemouse(c);
 356		}
 357	}
 358}
 359
 360void
 361checkotherwm(void) {
 362	otherwm = False;
 363	XSetErrorHandler(xerrorstart);
 364
 365	/* this causes an error if some other window manager is running */
 366	XSelectInput(dpy, DefaultRootWindow(dpy), SubstructureRedirectMask);
 367	XSync(dpy, False);
 368	if(otherwm)
 369		eprint("dwm: another window manager is already running\n");
 370	XSync(dpy, False);
 371	XSetErrorHandler(NULL);
 372	xerrorxlib = XSetErrorHandler(xerror);
 373	XSync(dpy, False);
 374}
 375
 376void
 377cleanup(void) {
 378
 379	close(STDIN_FILENO);
 380	while(stack) {
 381		unban(stack);
 382		unmanage(stack);
 383	}
 384	if(dc.font.set)
 385		XFreeFontSet(dpy, dc.font.set);
 386	else
 387		XFreeFont(dpy, dc.font.xfont);
 388
 389	XUngrabKey(dpy, AnyKey, AnyModifier, root);
 390	XFreePixmap(dpy, dc.drawable);
 391	XFreeGC(dpy, dc.gc);
 392	XFreeCursor(dpy, cursor[CurNormal]);
 393	XFreeCursor(dpy, cursor[CurResize]);
 394	XFreeCursor(dpy, cursor[CurMove]);
 395	XDestroyWindow(dpy, barwin);
 396#if XINERAMA
 397	if(info)
 398		XFree(info);
 399#endif
 400	XSync(dpy, False);
 401	XSetInputFocus(dpy, PointerRoot, RevertToPointerRoot, CurrentTime);
 402}
 403
 404void
 405configure(Client *c) {
 406	XConfigureEvent ce;
 407
 408	ce.type = ConfigureNotify;
 409	ce.display = dpy;
 410	ce.event = c->win;
 411	ce.window = c->win;
 412	ce.x = c->x;
 413	ce.y = c->y;
 414	ce.width = c->w;
 415	ce.height = c->h;
 416	ce.border_width = c->border;
 417	ce.above = None;
 418	ce.override_redirect = False;
 419	XSendEvent(dpy, c->win, False, StructureNotifyMask, (XEvent *)&ce);
 420}
 421
 422void
 423configurenotify(XEvent *e) {
 424	XConfigureEvent *ev = &e->xconfigure;
 425
 426	if(ev->window == root && (ev->width != sw || ev->height != sh)) {
 427		/* TODO -- use Xinerama dimensions here ? */
 428		sw = ev->width;
 429		sh = ev->height;
 430		XFreePixmap(dpy, dc.drawable);
 431		dc.drawable = XCreatePixmap(dpy, root, DisplayWidth(root, screen), bh, DefaultDepth(dpy, screen));
 432		XResizeWindow(dpy, barwin, sw, bh);
 433		updatebarpos();
 434		arrange();
 435	}
 436}
 437
 438void
 439configurerequest(XEvent *e) {
 440	Client *c;
 441	XConfigureRequestEvent *ev = &e->xconfigurerequest;
 442	XWindowChanges wc;
 443
 444	/* TODO -- consider Xinerama if necessary when centering */
 445	if((c = getclient(ev->window))) {
 446		if(ev->value_mask & CWBorderWidth)
 447			c->border = ev->border_width;
 448		if(c->isfixed || c->isfloating || (floating == lt->arrange)) {
 449			if(ev->value_mask & CWX)
 450				c->x = sx + ev->x;
 451			if(ev->value_mask & CWY)
 452				c->y = sy + ev->y;
 453			if(ev->value_mask & CWWidth)
 454				c->w = ev->width;
 455			if(ev->value_mask & CWHeight)
 456				c->h = ev->height;
 457			if((c->x - sx + c->w) > sw && c->isfloating)
 458				c->x = sx + (sw / 2 - c->w / 2); /* center in x direction */
 459			if((c->y - sy + c->h) > sh && c->isfloating)
 460				c->y = sy + (sh / 2 - c->h / 2); /* center in y direction */
 461			if((ev->value_mask & (CWX|CWY))
 462			&& !(ev->value_mask & (CWWidth|CWHeight)))
 463				configure(c);
 464			if(isvisible(c))
 465				XMoveResizeWindow(dpy, c->win, c->x, c->y, c->w, c->h);
 466		}
 467		else
 468			configure(c);
 469	}
 470	else {
 471		wc.x = ev->x;
 472		wc.y = ev->y;
 473		wc.width = ev->width;
 474		wc.height = ev->height;
 475		wc.border_width = ev->border_width;
 476		wc.sibling = ev->above;
 477		wc.stack_mode = ev->detail;
 478		XConfigureWindow(dpy, ev->window, ev->value_mask, &wc);
 479	}
 480	XSync(dpy, False);
 481}
 482
 483Bool
 484conflicts(Client *c, unsigned int tidx) {
 485	unsigned int i;
 486
 487	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(tags); i++)
 488		if(c->tags[i])
 489			return True; /* conflict */
 490	return False;
 491}
 492
 493void
 494destroynotify(XEvent *e) {
 495	Client *c;
 496	XDestroyWindowEvent *ev = &e->xdestroywindow;
 497
 498	if((c = getclient(ev->window)))
 499		unmanage(c);
 500}
 501
 502void
 503detach(Client *c) {
 504	if(c->prev)
 505		c->prev->next = c->next;
 506	if(c->next)
 507		c->next->prev = c->prev;
 508	if(c == clients)
 509		clients = c->next;
 510	c->next = c->prev = NULL;
 511}
 512
 513void
 514detachstack(Client *c) {
 515	Client **tc;
 516
 517	for(tc=&stack; *tc && *tc != c; tc=&(*tc)->snext);
 518	*tc = c->snext;
 519}
 520
 521void
 522drawbar(void) {
 523	int i, x;
 524	Client *c;
 525
 526	dc.x = 0;
 527	for(c = stack; c && !isvisible(c); c = c->snext);
 528	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(tags); i++) {
 529		dc.w = textw(tags[i]);
 530		if(seltags[i]) {
 531			drawtext(tags[i], dc.sel, isurgent(i));
 532			drawsquare(c && c->tags[i], isoccupied(i), isurgent(i), dc.sel);
 533		}
 534		else {
 535			drawtext(tags[i], dc.norm, isurgent(i));
 536			drawsquare(c && c->tags[i], isoccupied(i), isurgent(i), dc.norm);
 537		}
 538		dc.x += dc.w;
 539	}
 540	dc.w = blw;
 541	drawtext(lt->symbol, dc.norm, False);
 542	x = dc.x + dc.w;
 543	dc.w = textw(stext);
 544	dc.x = sw - dc.w;
 545	if(dc.x < x) {
 546		dc.x = x;
 547		dc.w = sw - x;
 548	}
 549	drawtext(stext, dc.norm, False);
 550	if((dc.w = dc.x - x) > bh) {
 551		dc.x = x;
 552		if(c) {
 553			drawtext(c->name, dc.sel, False);
 554			drawsquare(False, c->isfloating, False, dc.sel);
 555		}
 556		else
 557			drawtext(NULL, dc.norm, False);
 558	}
 559	XCopyArea(dpy, dc.drawable, barwin, dc.gc, 0, 0, sw, bh, 0, 0);
 560	XSync(dpy, False);
 561}
 562
 563void
 564drawsquare(Bool filled, Bool empty, Bool invert, unsigned long col[ColLast]) {
 565	int x;
 566	XGCValues gcv;
 567	XRectangle r = { dc.x, dc.y, dc.w, dc.h };
 568
 569	gcv.foreground = col[invert ? ColBG : ColFG];
 570	XChangeGC(dpy, dc.gc, GCForeground, &gcv);
 571	x = (dc.font.ascent + dc.font.descent + 2) / 4;
 572	r.x = dc.x + 1;
 573	r.y = dc.y + 1;
 574	if(filled) {
 575		r.width = r.height = x + 1;
 576		XFillRectangles(dpy, dc.drawable, dc.gc, &r, 1);
 577	}
 578	else if(empty) {
 579		r.width = r.height = x;
 580		XDrawRectangles(dpy, dc.drawable, dc.gc, &r, 1);
 581	}
 582}
 583
 584void
 585drawtext(const char *text, unsigned long col[ColLast], Bool invert) {
 586	int x, y, w, h;
 587	unsigned int len, olen;
 588	XRectangle r = { dc.x, dc.y, dc.w, dc.h };
 589
 590	XSetForeground(dpy, dc.gc, col[invert ? ColFG : ColBG]);
 591	XFillRectangles(dpy, dc.drawable, dc.gc, &r, 1);
 592	if(!text)
 593		return;
 594	w = 0;
 595	olen = len = strlen(text);
 596	if(len >= sizeof buf)
 597		len = sizeof buf - 1;
 598	memcpy(buf, text, len);
 599	buf[len] = 0;
 600	h = dc.font.ascent + dc.font.descent;
 601	y = dc.y + (dc.h / 2) - (h / 2) + dc.font.ascent;
 602	x = dc.x + (h / 2);
 603	/* shorten text if necessary */
 604	while(len && (w = textnw(buf, len)) > dc.w - h)
 605		buf[--len] = 0;
 606	if(len < olen) {
 607		if(len > 1)
 608			buf[len - 1] = '.';
 609		if(len > 2)
 610			buf[len - 2] = '.';
 611		if(len > 3)
 612			buf[len - 3] = '.';
 613	}
 614	if(w > dc.w)
 615		return; /* too long */
 616	XSetForeground(dpy, dc.gc, col[invert ? ColBG : ColFG]);
 617	if(dc.font.set)
 618		XmbDrawString(dpy, dc.drawable, dc.font.set, dc.gc, x, y, buf, len);
 619	else
 620		XDrawString(dpy, dc.drawable, dc.gc, x, y, buf, len);
 621}
 622
 623void *
 624emallocz(unsigned int size) {
 625	void *res = calloc(1, size);
 626
 627	if(!res)
 628		eprint("fatal: could not malloc() %u bytes\n", size);
 629	return res;
 630}
 631
 632void
 633enternotify(XEvent *e) {
 634	Client *c;
 635	XCrossingEvent *ev = &e->xcrossing;
 636
 637	if((ev->mode != NotifyNormal || ev->detail == NotifyInferior) && ev->window != root)
 638		return;
 639	if((c = getclient(ev->window)))
 640		focus(c);
 641	else
 642		focus(NULL);
 643}
 644
 645void
 646eprint(const char *errstr, ...) {
 647	va_list ap;
 648
 649	va_start(ap, errstr);
 650	vfprintf(stderr, errstr, ap);
 651	va_end(ap);
 652	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 653}
 654
 655void
 656expose(XEvent *e) {
 657	XExposeEvent *ev = &e->xexpose;
 658
 659	if(ev->count == 0 && (ev->window == barwin))
 660		drawbar();
 661}
 662
 663void
 664floating(void) { /* default floating layout */
 665	Client *c;
 666
 667	domwfact = dozoom = False;
 668	for(c = clients; c; c = c->next)
 669		if(isvisible(c))
 670			resize(c, c->x, c->y, c->w, c->h, True);
 671}
 672
 673void
 674focus(Client *c) {
 675	if(!c || (c && !isvisible(c)))
 676		for(c = stack; c && !isvisible(c); c = c->snext);
 677	if(sel && sel != c) {
 678		grabbuttons(sel, False);
 679		XSetWindowBorder(dpy, sel->win, dc.norm[ColBorder]);
 680	}
 681	if(c) {
 682		detachstack(c);
 683		attachstack(c);
 684		grabbuttons(c, True);
 685	}
 686	sel = c;
 687	if(c) {
 688		XSetWindowBorder(dpy, c->win, dc.sel[ColBorder]);
 689		XSetInputFocus(dpy, c->win, RevertToPointerRoot, CurrentTime);
 690	}
 691	else
 692		XSetInputFocus(dpy, root, RevertToPointerRoot, CurrentTime);
 693	drawbar();
 694}
 695
 696void
 697focusin(XEvent *e) { /* there are some broken focus acquiring clients */
 698	XFocusChangeEvent *ev = &e->xfocus;
 699
 700	if(sel && ev->window != sel->win)
 701		XSetInputFocus(dpy, sel->win, RevertToPointerRoot, CurrentTime);
 702}
 703
 704void
 705focusnext(const char *arg) {
 706	Client *c;
 707
 708	if(!sel)
 709		return;
 710	for(c = sel->next; c && !isvisible(c); c = c->next);
 711	if(!c)
 712		for(c = clients; c && !isvisible(c); c = c->next);
 713	if(c) {
 714		focus(c);
 715		restack();
 716	}
 717}
 718
 719void
 720focusprev(const char *arg) {
 721	Client *c;
 722
 723	if(!sel)
 724		return;
 725	for(c = sel->prev; c && !isvisible(c); c = c->prev);
 726	if(!c) {
 727		for(c = clients; c && c->next; c = c->next);
 728		for(; c && !isvisible(c); c = c->prev);
 729	}
 730	if(c) {
 731		focus(c);
 732		restack();
 733	}
 734}
 735
 736Client *
 737getclient(Window w) {
 738	Client *c;
 739
 740	for(c = clients; c && c->win != w; c = c->next);
 741	return c;
 742}
 743
 744unsigned long
 745getcolor(const char *colstr) {
 746	Colormap cmap = DefaultColormap(dpy, screen);
 747	XColor color;
 748
 749	if(!XAllocNamedColor(dpy, cmap, colstr, &color, &color))
 750		eprint("error, cannot allocate color '%s'\n", colstr);
 751	return color.pixel;
 752}
 753
 754long
 755getstate(Window w) {
 756	int format, status;
 757	long result = -1;
 758	unsigned char *p = NULL;
 759	unsigned long n, extra;
 760	Atom real;
 761
 762	status = XGetWindowProperty(dpy, w, wmatom[WMState], 0L, 2L, False, wmatom[WMState],
 763			&real, &format, &n, &extra, (unsigned char **)&p);
 764	if(status != Success)
 765		return -1;
 766	if(n != 0)
 767		result = *p;
 768	XFree(p);
 769	return result;
 770}
 771
 772Bool
 773gettextprop(Window w, Atom atom, char *text, unsigned int size) {
 774	char **list = NULL;
 775	int n;
 776	XTextProperty name;
 777
 778	if(!text || size == 0)
 779		return False;
 780	text[0] = '\0';
 781	XGetTextProperty(dpy, w, &name, atom);
 782	if(!name.nitems)
 783		return False;
 784	if(name.encoding == XA_STRING)
 785		strncpy(text, (char *)name.value, size - 1);
 786	else {
 787		if(XmbTextPropertyToTextList(dpy, &name, &list, &n) >= Success
 788		&& n > 0 && *list) {
 789			strncpy(text, *list, size - 1);
 790			XFreeStringList(list);
 791		}
 792	}
 793	text[size - 1] = '\0';
 794	XFree(name.value);
 795	return True;
 796}
 797
 798void
 799grabbuttons(Client *c, Bool focused) {
 800	XUngrabButton(dpy, AnyButton, AnyModifier, c->win);
 801
 802	if(focused) {
 803		XGrabButton(dpy, Button1, MODKEY, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 804				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 805		XGrabButton(dpy, Button1, MODKEY|LockMask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 806				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 807		XGrabButton(dpy, Button1, MODKEY|numlockmask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 808				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 809		XGrabButton(dpy, Button1, MODKEY|numlockmask|LockMask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 810				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 811
 812		XGrabButton(dpy, Button2, MODKEY, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 813				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 814		XGrabButton(dpy, Button2, MODKEY|LockMask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 815				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 816		XGrabButton(dpy, Button2, MODKEY|numlockmask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 817				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 818		XGrabButton(dpy, Button2, MODKEY|numlockmask|LockMask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 819				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 820
 821		XGrabButton(dpy, Button3, MODKEY, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 822				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 823		XGrabButton(dpy, Button3, MODKEY|LockMask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 824				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 825		XGrabButton(dpy, Button3, MODKEY|numlockmask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 826				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 827		XGrabButton(dpy, Button3, MODKEY|numlockmask|LockMask, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 828				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 829	}
 830	else
 831		XGrabButton(dpy, AnyButton, AnyModifier, c->win, False, BUTTONMASK,
 832				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeSync, None, None);
 833}
 834
 835void
 836grabkeys(void)  {
 837	unsigned int i, j;
 838	KeyCode code;
 839	XModifierKeymap *modmap;
 840
 841	/* init modifier map */
 842	modmap = XGetModifierMapping(dpy);
 843	for(i = 0; i < 8; i++)
 844		for(j = 0; j < modmap->max_keypermod; j++) {
 845			if(modmap->modifiermap[i * modmap->max_keypermod + j] == XKeysymToKeycode(dpy, XK_Num_Lock))
 846				numlockmask = (1 << i);
 847		}
 848	XFreeModifiermap(modmap);
 849
 850	XUngrabKey(dpy, AnyKey, AnyModifier, root);
 851	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(keys); i++) {
 852		code = XKeysymToKeycode(dpy, keys[i].keysym);
 853		XGrabKey(dpy, code, keys[i].mod, root, True,
 854				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync);
 855		XGrabKey(dpy, code, keys[i].mod|LockMask, root, True,
 856				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync);
 857		XGrabKey(dpy, code, keys[i].mod|numlockmask, root, True,
 858				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync);
 859		XGrabKey(dpy, code, keys[i].mod|numlockmask|LockMask, root, True,
 860				GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync);
 861	}
 862}
 863
 864unsigned int
 865idxoftag(const char *t) {
 866	unsigned int i;
 867
 868	for(i = 0; (i < LENGTH(tags)) && (tags[i] != t); i++);
 869	return (i < LENGTH(tags)) ? i : 0;
 870}
 871
 872void
 873initfont(const char *fontstr) {
 874	char *def, **missing;
 875	int i, n;
 876
 877	missing = NULL;
 878	if(dc.font.set)
 879		XFreeFontSet(dpy, dc.font.set);
 880	dc.font.set = XCreateFontSet(dpy, fontstr, &missing, &n, &def);
 881	if(missing) {
 882		while(n--)
 883			fprintf(stderr, "dwm: missing fontset: %s\n", missing[n]);
 884		XFreeStringList(missing);
 885	}
 886	if(dc.font.set) {
 887		XFontSetExtents *font_extents;
 888		XFontStruct **xfonts;
 889		char **font_names;
 890		dc.font.ascent = dc.font.descent = 0;
 891		font_extents = XExtentsOfFontSet(dc.font.set);
 892		n = XFontsOfFontSet(dc.font.set, &xfonts, &font_names);
 893		for(i = 0, dc.font.ascent = 0, dc.font.descent = 0; i < n; i++) {
 894			if(dc.font.ascent < (*xfonts)->ascent)
 895				dc.font.ascent = (*xfonts)->ascent;
 896			if(dc.font.descent < (*xfonts)->descent)
 897				dc.font.descent = (*xfonts)->descent;
 898			xfonts++;
 899		}
 900	}
 901	else {
 902		if(dc.font.xfont)
 903			XFreeFont(dpy, dc.font.xfont);
 904		dc.font.xfont = NULL;
 905		if(!(dc.font.xfont = XLoadQueryFont(dpy, fontstr))
 906		&& !(dc.font.xfont = XLoadQueryFont(dpy, "fixed")))
 907			eprint("error, cannot load font: '%s'\n", fontstr);
 908		dc.font.ascent = dc.font.xfont->ascent;
 909		dc.font.descent = dc.font.xfont->descent;
 910	}
 911	dc.font.height = dc.font.ascent + dc.font.descent;
 912}
 913
 914Bool
 915isoccupied(unsigned int t) {
 916	Client *c;
 917
 918	for(c = clients; c; c = c->next)
 919		if(c->tags[t])
 920			return True;
 921	return False;
 922}
 923
 924Bool
 925isprotodel(Client *c) {
 926	int i, n;
 927	Atom *protocols;
 928	Bool ret = False;
 929
 930	if(XGetWMProtocols(dpy, c->win, &protocols, &n)) {
 931		for(i = 0; !ret && i < n; i++)
 932			if(protocols[i] == wmatom[WMDelete])
 933				ret = True;
 934		XFree(protocols);
 935	}
 936	return ret;
 937}
 938
 939Bool
 940isurgent(unsigned int t) {
 941	Client *c;
 942
 943	for(c = clients; c; c = c->next)
 944		if(c->isurgent && c->tags[t])
 945			return True;
 946	return False;
 947}
 948
 949Bool
 950isvisible(Client *c) {
 951	unsigned int i;
 952
 953	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(tags); i++)
 954		if(c->tags[i] && seltags[i])
 955			return True;
 956	return False;
 957}
 958
 959void
 960keypress(XEvent *e) {
 961	unsigned int i;
 962	KeySym keysym;
 963	XKeyEvent *ev;
 964
 965	ev = &e->xkey;
 966	keysym = XKeycodeToKeysym(dpy, (KeyCode)ev->keycode, 0);
 967	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(keys); i++)
 968		if(keysym == keys[i].keysym
 969		&& CLEANMASK(keys[i].mod) == CLEANMASK(ev->state))
 970		{
 971			if(keys[i].func)
 972				keys[i].func(keys[i].arg);
 973		}
 974}
 975
 976void
 977killclient(const char *arg) {
 978	XEvent ev;
 979
 980	if(!sel)
 981		return;
 982	if(isprotodel(sel)) {
 983		ev.type = ClientMessage;
 984		ev.xclient.window = sel->win;
 985		ev.xclient.message_type = wmatom[WMProtocols];
 986		ev.xclient.format = 32;
 987		ev.xclient.data.l[0] = wmatom[WMDelete];
 988		ev.xclient.data.l[1] = CurrentTime;
 989		XSendEvent(dpy, sel->win, False, NoEventMask, &ev);
 990	}
 991	else
 992		XKillClient(dpy, sel->win);
 993}
 994
 995void
 996manage(Window w, XWindowAttributes *wa) {
 997	Client *c, *t = NULL;
 998	Status rettrans;
 999	Window trans;
1000	XWindowChanges wc;
1001
1002	c = emallocz(sizeof(Client));
1003	c->tags = emallocz(TAGSZ);
1004	c->win = w;
1005
1006	c->x = wa->x + sx;
1007	c->y = wa->y + sy;
1008	c->w = wa->width;
1009	c->h = wa->height;
1010	c->oldborder = wa->border_width;
1011
1012	if(c->w == sw && c->h == sh) {
1013		c->x = sx;
1014		c->y = sy;
1015		c->border = wa->border_width;
1016	}
1017	else {
1018		if(c->x + c->w + 2 * c->border > wax + waw)
1019			c->x = wax + waw - c->w - 2 * c->border;
1020		if(c->y + c->h + 2 * c->border > way + wah)
1021			c->y = way + wah - c->h - 2 * c->border;
1022		if(c->x < wax)
1023			c->x = wax;
1024		if(c->y < way)
1025			c->y = way;
1026		c->border = BORDERPX;
1027	}
1028	wc.border_width = c->border;
1029	XConfigureWindow(dpy, w, CWBorderWidth, &wc);
1030	XSetWindowBorder(dpy, w, dc.norm[ColBorder]);
1031	configure(c); /* propagates border_width, if size doesn't change */
1032	updatesizehints(c);
1033	XSelectInput(dpy, w, EnterWindowMask|FocusChangeMask|PropertyChangeMask|StructureNotifyMask);
1034	grabbuttons(c, False);
1035	updatetitle(c);
1036	if((rettrans = XGetTransientForHint(dpy, w, &trans) == Success))
1037		for(t = clients; t && t->win != trans; t = t->next);
1038	if(t)
1039		memcpy(c->tags, t->tags, TAGSZ);
1040	else
1041		applyrules(c);
1042	if(!c->isfloating)
1043		c->isfloating = (rettrans == Success) || c->isfixed;
1044	attach(c);
1045	attachstack(c);
1046	XMoveResizeWindow(dpy, c->win, c->x, c->y, c->w, c->h); /* some windows require this */
1047	ban(c);
1048	XMapWindow(dpy, c->win);
1049	setclientstate(c, NormalState);
1050	arrange();
1051}
1052
1053void
1054mappingnotify(XEvent *e) {
1055	XMappingEvent *ev = &e->xmapping;
1056
1057	XRefreshKeyboardMapping(ev);
1058	if(ev->request == MappingKeyboard)
1059		grabkeys();
1060}
1061
1062void
1063maprequest(XEvent *e) {
1064	static XWindowAttributes wa;
1065	XMapRequestEvent *ev = &e->xmaprequest;
1066
1067	if(!XGetWindowAttributes(dpy, ev->window, &wa))
1068		return;
1069	if(wa.override_redirect)
1070		return;
1071	if(!getclient(ev->window))
1072		manage(ev->window, &wa);
1073}
1074
1075void
1076maximise(void) {
1077	Client *c;
1078
1079	domwfact = dozoom = False;
1080	for(c = nexttiled(clients); c; c = nexttiled(c->next))
1081		resize(c, wax, way, waw - 2 * c->border, wah - 2 * c->border, RESIZEHINTS);
1082}
1083
1084void
1085movemouse(Client *c) {
1086	int x1, y1, ocx, ocy, di, nx, ny;
1087	unsigned int dui;
1088	Window dummy;
1089	XEvent ev;
1090
1091	ocx = nx = c->x;
1092	ocy = ny = c->y;
1093	if(XGrabPointer(dpy, root, False, MOUSEMASK, GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync,
1094			None, cursor[CurMove], CurrentTime) != GrabSuccess)
1095		return;
1096	XQueryPointer(dpy, root, &dummy, &dummy, &x1, &y1, &di, &di, &dui);
1097	for(;;) {
1098		XMaskEvent(dpy, MOUSEMASK|ExposureMask|SubstructureRedirectMask, &ev);
1099		switch (ev.type) {
1100		case ButtonRelease:
1101			XUngrabPointer(dpy, CurrentTime);
1102			return;
1103		case ConfigureRequest:
1104		case Expose:
1105		case MapRequest:
1106			handler[ev.type](&ev);
1107			break;
1108		case MotionNotify:
1109			XSync(dpy, False);
1110			nx = ocx + (ev.xmotion.x - x1);
1111			ny = ocy + (ev.xmotion.y - y1);
1112			if(abs(wax - nx) < SNAP)
1113				nx = wax;
1114			else if(abs((wax + waw) - (nx + c->w + 2 * c->border)) < SNAP)
1115				nx = wax + waw - c->w - 2 * c->border;
1116			if(abs(way - ny) < SNAP)
1117				ny = way;
1118			else if(abs((way + wah) - (ny + c->h + 2 * c->border)) < SNAP)
1119				ny = way + wah - c->h - 2 * c->border;
1120			if(!c->isfloating && (lt->arrange != floating) && (abs(nx - c->x) > SNAP || abs(ny - c->y) > SNAP))
1121				togglefloating(NULL);
1122			if((lt->arrange == floating) || c->isfloating)
1123				resize(c, nx, ny, c->w, c->h, False);
1124			break;
1125		}
1126	}
1127}
1128
1129Client *
1130nexttiled(Client *c) {
1131	for(; c && (c->isfloating || !isvisible(c)); c = c->next);
1132	return c;
1133}
1134
1135void
1136propertynotify(XEvent *e) {
1137	Client *c;
1138	Window trans;
1139	XPropertyEvent *ev = &e->xproperty;
1140
1141	if(ev->state == PropertyDelete)
1142		return; /* ignore */
1143	if((c = getclient(ev->window))) {
1144		switch (ev->atom) {
1145		default: break;
1146		case XA_WM_TRANSIENT_FOR:
1147			XGetTransientForHint(dpy, c->win, &trans);
1148			if(!c->isfloating && (c->isfloating = (getclient(trans) != NULL)))
1149				arrange();
1150			break;
1151		case XA_WM_NORMAL_HINTS:
1152			updatesizehints(c);
1153			break;
1154		case XA_WM_HINTS:
1155			updatewmhints(c);
1156			drawbar();
1157			break;
1158		}
1159		if(ev->atom == XA_WM_NAME || ev->atom == netatom[NetWMName]) {
1160			updatetitle(c);
1161			if(c == sel)
1162				drawbar();
1163		}
1164	}
1165}
1166
1167void
1168quit(const char *arg) {
1169	readin = running = False;
1170}
1171
1172void
1173reapply(const char *arg) {
1174	static Bool zerotags[LENGTH(tags)] = { 0 };
1175	Client *c;
1176
1177	for(c = clients; c; c = c->next) {
1178		memcpy(c->tags, zerotags, sizeof zerotags);
1179		applyrules(c);
1180	}
1181	arrange();
1182}
1183
1184void
1185resize(Client *c, int x, int y, int w, int h, Bool sizehints) {
1186	XWindowChanges wc;
1187
1188	if(sizehints) {
1189		/* set minimum possible */
1190		if (w < 1)
1191			w = 1;
1192		if (h < 1)
1193			h = 1;
1194
1195		/* temporarily remove base dimensions */
1196		w -= c->basew;
1197		h -= c->baseh;
1198
1199		/* adjust for aspect limits */
1200		if (c->minay > 0 && c->maxay > 0 && c->minax > 0 && c->maxax > 0) {
1201			if (w * c->maxay > h * c->maxax)
1202				w = h * c->maxax / c->maxay;
1203			else if (w * c->minay < h * c->minax)
1204				h = w * c->minay / c->minax;
1205		}
1206
1207		/* adjust for increment value */
1208		if(c->incw)
1209			w -= w % c->incw;
1210		if(c->inch)
1211			h -= h % c->inch;
1212
1213		/* restore base dimensions */
1214		w += c->basew;
1215		h += c->baseh;
1216
1217		if(c->minw > 0 && w < c->minw)
1218			w = c->minw;
1219		if(c->minh > 0 && h < c->minh)
1220			h = c->minh;
1221		if(c->maxw > 0 && w > c->maxw)
1222			w = c->maxw;
1223		if(c->maxh > 0 && h > c->maxh)
1224			h = c->maxh;
1225	}
1226	if(w <= 0 || h <= 0)
1227		return;
1228	if(x > sx + sw)
1229		x = sw - w - 2 * c->border;
1230	if(y > sy + sh)
1231		y = sh - h - 2 * c->border;
1232	if(x + w + 2 * c->border < sx)
1233		x = sx;
1234	if(y + h + 2 * c->border < sy)
1235		y = sy;
1236	if(c->x != x || c->y != y || c->w != w || c->h != h) {
1237		c->x = wc.x = x;
1238		c->y = wc.y = y;
1239		c->w = wc.width = w;
1240		c->h = wc.height = h;
1241		wc.border_width = c->border;
1242		XConfigureWindow(dpy, c->win,
1243				CWX|CWY|CWWidth|CWHeight|CWBorderWidth, &wc);
1244		configure(c);
1245		XSync(dpy, False);
1246	}
1247}
1248
1249void
1250resizemouse(Client *c) {
1251	int ocx, ocy;
1252	int nw, nh;
1253	XEvent ev;
1254
1255	ocx = c->x;
1256	ocy = c->y;
1257	if(XGrabPointer(dpy, root, False, MOUSEMASK, GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync,
1258			None, cursor[CurResize], CurrentTime) != GrabSuccess)
1259		return;
1260	XWarpPointer(dpy, None, c->win, 0, 0, 0, 0, c->w + c->border - 1, c->h + c->border - 1);
1261	for(;;) {
1262		XMaskEvent(dpy, MOUSEMASK|ExposureMask|SubstructureRedirectMask , &ev);
1263		switch(ev.type) {
1264		case ButtonRelease:
1265			XWarpPointer(dpy, None, c->win, 0, 0, 0, 0,
1266					c->w + c->border - 1, c->h + c->border - 1);
1267			XUngrabPointer(dpy, CurrentTime);
1268			while(XCheckMaskEvent(dpy, EnterWindowMask, &ev));
1269			return;
1270		case ConfigureRequest:
1271		case Expose:
1272		case MapRequest:
1273			handler[ev.type](&ev);
1274			break;
1275		case MotionNotify:
1276			XSync(dpy, False);
1277			if((nw = ev.xmotion.x - ocx - 2 * c->border + 1) <= 0)
1278				nw = 1;
1279			if((nh = ev.xmotion.y - ocy - 2 * c->border + 1) <= 0)
1280				nh = 1;
1281			if(!c->isfloating && (lt->arrange != floating) && (abs(nw - c->w) > SNAP || abs(nh - c->h) > SNAP))
1282				togglefloating(NULL);
1283			if((lt->arrange == floating) || c->isfloating)
1284				resize(c, c->x, c->y, nw, nh, True);
1285			break;
1286		}
1287	}
1288}
1289
1290void
1291restack(void) {
1292	Client *c;
1293	XEvent ev;
1294	XWindowChanges wc;
1295
1296	drawbar();
1297	if(!sel)
1298		return;
1299	if(sel->isfloating || (lt->arrange == floating))
1300		XRaiseWindow(dpy, sel->win);
1301	if(lt->arrange != floating) {
1302		wc.stack_mode = Below;
1303		wc.sibling = barwin;
1304		if(!sel->isfloating) {
1305			XConfigureWindow(dpy, sel->win, CWSibling|CWStackMode, &wc);
1306			wc.sibling = sel->win;
1307		}
1308		for(c = nexttiled(clients); c; c = nexttiled(c->next)) {
1309			if(c == sel)
1310				continue;
1311			XConfigureWindow(dpy, c->win, CWSibling|CWStackMode, &wc);
1312			wc.sibling = c->win;
1313		}
1314	}
1315	XSync(dpy, False);
1316	while(XCheckMaskEvent(dpy, EnterWindowMask, &ev));
1317}
1318
1319void
1320run(void) {
1321	char *p;
1322	char sbuf[sizeof stext];
1323	fd_set rd;
1324	int r, xfd;
1325	unsigned int len, offset;
1326	XEvent ev;
1327
1328	/* main event loop, also reads status text from stdin */
1329	XSync(dpy, False);
1330	xfd = ConnectionNumber(dpy);
1331	readin = True;
1332	offset = 0;
1333	len = sizeof stext - 1;
1334	sbuf[len] = stext[len] = '\0'; /* 0-terminator is never touched */
1335	while(running) {
1336		FD_ZERO(&rd);
1337		if(readin)
1338			FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd);
1339		FD_SET(xfd, &rd);
1340		if(select(xfd + 1, &rd, NULL, NULL, NULL) == -1) {
1341			if(errno == EINTR)
1342				continue;
1343			eprint("select failed\n");
1344		}
1345		if(FD_ISSET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd)) {
1346			switch((r = read(STDIN_FILENO, sbuf + offset, len - offset))) {
1347			case -1:
1348				strncpy(stext, strerror(errno), len);
1349				readin = False;
1350				break;
1351			case 0:
1352				strncpy(stext, "EOF", 4);
1353				readin = False;
1354				break;
1355			default:
1356				for(p = sbuf + offset; r > 0; p++, r--, offset++)
1357					if(*p == '\n' || *p == '\0') {
1358						*p = '\0';
1359						strncpy(stext, sbuf, len);
1360						p += r - 1; /* p is sbuf + offset + r - 1 */
1361						for(r = 0; *(p - r) && *(p - r) != '\n'; r++);
1362						offset = r;
1363						if(r)
1364							memmove(sbuf, p - r + 1, r);
1365						break;
1366					}
1367				break;
1368			}
1369			drawbar();
1370		}
1371		while(XPending(dpy)) {
1372			XNextEvent(dpy, &ev);
1373			if(handler[ev.type])
1374				(handler[ev.type])(&ev); /* call handler */
1375		}
1376	}
1377}
1378
1379void
1380scan(void) {
1381	unsigned int i, num;
1382	Window *wins, d1, d2;
1383	XWindowAttributes wa;
1384
1385	wins = NULL;
1386	if(XQueryTree(dpy, root, &d1, &d2, &wins, &num)) {
1387		for(i = 0; i < num; i++) {
1388			if(!XGetWindowAttributes(dpy, wins[i], &wa)
1389					|| wa.override_redirect || XGetTransientForHint(dpy, wins[i], &d1))
1390				continue;
1391			if(wa.map_state == IsViewable || getstate(wins[i]) == IconicState)
1392				manage(wins[i], &wa);
1393		}
1394		for(i = 0; i < num; i++) { /* now the transients */
1395			if(!XGetWindowAttributes(dpy, wins[i], &wa))
1396				continue;
1397			if(XGetTransientForHint(dpy, wins[i], &d1)
1398					&& (wa.map_state == IsViewable || getstate(wins[i]) == IconicState))
1399				manage(wins[i], &wa);
1400		}
1401	}
1402	if(wins)
1403		XFree(wins);
1404}
1405
1406void
1407setclientstate(Client *c, long state) {
1408	long data[] = {state, None};
1409
1410	XChangeProperty(dpy, c->win, wmatom[WMState], wmatom[WMState], 32,
1411			PropModeReplace, (unsigned char *)data, 2);
1412}
1413
1414void
1415setlayout(const char *arg) {
1416	unsigned int i;
1417
1418	if(!arg) {
1419		lt++;
1420		if(lt == &layouts[LENGTH(layouts)])
1421			lt = &layouts[0];
1422	}
1423	else {
1424		for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(layouts); i++)
1425			if(!strcmp(arg, layouts[i].symbol))
1426				break;
1427		if(i == LENGTH(layouts))
1428			return;
1429		lt = &layouts[i];
1430	}
1431	if(sel)
1432		arrange();
1433	else
1434		drawbar();
1435}
1436
1437void
1438setmwfact(const char *arg) {
1439	double delta;
1440
1441	if(!domwfact)
1442		return;
1443	/* arg handling, manipulate mwfact */
1444	if(arg == NULL)
1445		mwfact = MWFACT;
1446	else if(sscanf(arg, "%lf", &delta) == 1) {
1447		if(arg[0] == '+' || arg[0] == '-')
1448			mwfact += delta;
1449		else
1450			mwfact = delta;
1451		if(mwfact < 0.1)
1452			mwfact = 0.1;
1453		else if(mwfact > 0.9)
1454			mwfact = 0.9;
1455	}
1456	arrange();
1457}
1458
1459void
1460setup(void) {
1461	unsigned int i;
1462	XSetWindowAttributes wa;
1463
1464	/* init screen */
1465	screen = DefaultScreen(dpy);
1466	root = RootWindow(dpy, screen);
1467	sx = 0;
1468	sy = 0;
1469	sw = DisplayWidth(dpy, screen);
1470	sh = DisplayHeight(dpy, screen);
1471
1472	/* init atoms */
1473	wmatom[WMProtocols] = XInternAtom(dpy, "WM_PROTOCOLS", False);
1474	wmatom[WMDelete] = XInternAtom(dpy, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
1475	wmatom[WMName] = XInternAtom(dpy, "WM_NAME", False);
1476	wmatom[WMState] = XInternAtom(dpy, "WM_STATE", False);
1477	netatom[NetSupported] = XInternAtom(dpy, "_NET_SUPPORTED", False);
1478	netatom[NetWMName] = XInternAtom(dpy, "_NET_WM_NAME", False);
1479
1480	/* init cursors */
1481	wa.cursor = cursor[CurNormal] = XCreateFontCursor(dpy, XC_left_ptr);
1482	cursor[CurResize] = XCreateFontCursor(dpy, XC_sizing);
1483	cursor[CurMove] = XCreateFontCursor(dpy, XC_fleur);
1484
1485#ifdef XINERAMA
1486	if(XineramaIsActive(dpy))
1487		info = XineramaQueryScreens(dpy, &xscreens);
1488#endif
1489
1490	/* init appearance */
1491	dc.norm[ColBorder] = getcolor(NORMBORDERCOLOR);
1492	dc.norm[ColBG] = getcolor(NORMBGCOLOR);
1493	dc.norm[ColFG] = getcolor(NORMFGCOLOR);
1494	dc.sel[ColBorder] = getcolor(SELBORDERCOLOR);
1495	dc.sel[ColBG] = getcolor(SELBGCOLOR);
1496	dc.sel[ColFG] = getcolor(SELFGCOLOR);
1497	initfont(FONT);
1498	dc.h = bh = dc.font.height + 2;
1499	dc.drawable = XCreatePixmap(dpy, root, DisplayWidth(dpy, screen), bh, DefaultDepth(dpy, screen));
1500	dc.gc = XCreateGC(dpy, root, 0, 0);
1501	XSetLineAttributes(dpy, dc.gc, 1, LineSolid, CapButt, JoinMiter);
1502	if(!dc.font.set)
1503		XSetFont(dpy, dc.gc, dc.font.xfont->fid);
1504
1505	/* init tags */
1506	seltags = emallocz(TAGSZ);
1507	prevtags = emallocz(TAGSZ);
1508	seltags[0] = prevtags[0] = True;
1509
1510	/* init layouts */
1511	mwfact = MWFACT;
1512	lt = &layouts[0];
1513
1514	/* TODO: Xinerama hints ? */
1515	/* init bar */
1516	for(blw = i = 0; i < LENGTH(layouts); i++) {
1517		i = textw(layouts[i].symbol);
1518		if(i > blw)
1519			blw = i;
1520	}
1521
1522	bpos = BARPOS;
1523	wa.override_redirect = 1;
1524	wa.background_pixmap = ParentRelative;
1525	wa.event_mask = ButtonPressMask|ExposureMask;
1526
1527	barwin = XCreateWindow(dpy, root, sx, sy, sw, bh, 0, DefaultDepth(dpy, screen),
1528				CopyFromParent, DefaultVisual(dpy, screen),
1529				CWOverrideRedirect|CWBackPixmap|CWEventMask, &wa);
1530	XDefineCursor(dpy, barwin, cursor[CurNormal]);
1531	updatebarpos();
1532	XMapRaised(dpy, barwin);
1533	strcpy(stext, "dwm-"VERSION);
1534	drawbar();
1535
1536	/* EWMH support per view */
1537	XChangeProperty(dpy, root, netatom[NetSupported], XA_ATOM, 32,
1538			PropModeReplace, (unsigned char *) netatom, NetLast);
1539
1540	/* select for events */
1541	wa.event_mask = SubstructureRedirectMask|SubstructureNotifyMask
1542			|EnterWindowMask|LeaveWindowMask|StructureNotifyMask;
1543	XChangeWindowAttributes(dpy, root, CWEventMask|CWCursor, &wa);
1544	XSelectInput(dpy, root, wa.event_mask);
1545
1546
1547	/* grab keys */
1548	grabkeys();
1549}
1550
1551void
1552spawn(const char *arg) {
1553	static char *shell = NULL;
1554
1555	if(!shell && !(shell = getenv("SHELL")))
1556		shell = "/bin/sh";
1557	if(!arg)
1558		return;
1559	/* The double-fork construct avoids zombie processes and keeps the code
1560	 * clean from stupid signal handlers. */
1561	if(fork() == 0) {
1562		if(fork() == 0) {
1563			if(dpy)
1564				close(ConnectionNumber(dpy));
1565			setsid();
1566			execl(shell, shell, "-c", arg, (char *)NULL);
1567			fprintf(stderr, "dwm: execl '%s -c %s'", shell, arg);
1568			perror(" failed");
1569		}
1570		exit(0);
1571	}
1572	wait(0);
1573}
1574
1575void
1576tag(const char *arg) {
1577	unsigned int i;
1578
1579	if(!sel)
1580		return;
1581	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(tags); i++)
1582		sel->tags[i] = (NULL == arg);
1583	sel->tags[idxoftag(arg)] = True;
1584	arrange();
1585}
1586
1587unsigned int
1588textnw(const char *text, unsigned int len) {
1589	XRectangle r;
1590
1591	if(dc.font.set) {
1592		XmbTextExtents(dc.font.set, text, len, NULL, &r);
1593		return r.width;
1594	}
1595	return XTextWidth(dc.font.xfont, text, len);
1596}
1597
1598unsigned int
1599textw(const char *text) {
1600	return textnw(text, strlen(text)) + dc.font.height;
1601}
1602
1603void
1604tile(void) {
1605	unsigned int i, n, nx, ny, nw, nh, mw, th;
1606	Client *c, *mc;
1607
1608	domwfact = dozoom = True;
1609	nx = wax;
1610	ny = way;
1611	nw = 0;
1612	for(n = 0, c = nexttiled(clients); c; c = nexttiled(c->next))
1613		n++;
1614
1615	/* window geoms */
1616	mw = (n == 1) ? waw : mwfact * waw;
1617	th = (n > 1) ? wah / (n - 1) : 0;
1618	if(n > 1 && th < bh)
1619		th = wah;
1620
1621	for(i = 0, c = mc = nexttiled(clients); c; c = nexttiled(c->next)) {
1622		if(i == 0) { /* master */
1623			nw = mw - 2 * c->border;
1624			nh = wah - 2 * c->border;
1625		}
1626		else {  /* tile window */
1627			if(i == 1) {
1628				ny = way;
1629				nx += mc->w + 2 * mc->border;
1630				nw = waw - mw - 2 * c->border;
1631			}
1632			if(i + 1 == n) /* remainder */
1633				nh = (way + wah) - ny - 2 * c->border;
1634			else
1635				nh = th - 2 * c->border;
1636		}
1637		resize(c, nx, ny, nw, nh, RESIZEHINTS);
1638		if((RESIZEHINTS) && ((c->h < bh) || (c->h > nh) || (c->w < bh) || (c->w > nw)))
1639			/* client doesn't accept size constraints */
1640			resize(c, nx, ny, nw, nh, False);
1641		if(n > 1 && th != wah)
1642			ny = c->y + c->h + 2 * c->border;
1643		i++;
1644	}
1645}
1646
1647void
1648togglebar(const char *arg) {
1649	if(bpos == BarOff)
1650		bpos = (BARPOS == BarOff) ? BarTop : BARPOS;
1651	else
1652		bpos = BarOff;
1653	updatebarpos();
1654	arrange();
1655}
1656
1657void
1658togglefloating(const char *arg) {
1659	if(!sel)
1660		return;
1661	sel->isfloating = !sel->isfloating;
1662	if(sel->isfloating)
1663		resize(sel, sel->x, sel->y, sel->w, sel->h, True);
1664	arrange();
1665}
1666
1667void
1668toggletag(const char *arg) {
1669	unsigned int i, j;
1670
1671	if(!sel)
1672		return;
1673	i = idxoftag(arg);
1674	if(conflicts(sel, i))
1675		return;
1676	sel->tags[i] = !sel->tags[i];
1677	for(j = 0; j < LENGTH(tags) && !sel->tags[j]; j++);
1678	if(j == LENGTH(tags))
1679		sel->tags[i] = True; /* at least one tag must be enabled */
1680	arrange();
1681}
1682
1683void
1684toggleview(const char *arg) {
1685	unsigned int i, j;
1686
1687	i = idxoftag(arg);
1688	seltags[i] = !seltags[i];
1689	for(j = 0; j < LENGTH(tags) && !seltags[j]; j++);
1690	if(j == LENGTH(tags))
1691		seltags[i] = True; /* at least one tag must be viewed */
1692	arrange();
1693}
1694
1695void
1696unban(Client *c) {
1697	if(!c->isbanned)
1698		return;
1699	XMoveWindow(dpy, c->win, c->x, c->y);
1700	c->isbanned = False;
1701}
1702
1703void
1704unmanage(Client *c) {
1705	XWindowChanges wc;
1706
1707	wc.border_width = c->oldborder;
1708	/* The server grab construct avoids race conditions. */
1709	XGrabServer(dpy);
1710	XSetErrorHandler(xerrordummy);
1711	XConfigureWindow(dpy, c->win, CWBorderWidth, &wc); /* restore border */
1712	detach(c);
1713	detachstack(c);
1714	if(sel == c)
1715		focus(NULL);
1716	XUngrabButton(dpy, AnyButton, AnyModifier, c->win);
1717	setclientstate(c, WithdrawnState);
1718	free(c->tags);
1719	free(c);
1720	XSync(dpy, False);
1721	XSetErrorHandler(xerror);
1722	XUngrabServer(dpy);
1723	arrange();
1724}
1725
1726void
1727unmapnotify(XEvent *e) {
1728	Client *c;
1729	XUnmapEvent *ev = &e->xunmap;
1730
1731	if((c = getclient(ev->window)))
1732		unmanage(c);
1733}
1734
1735void
1736updatebarpos(void) {
1737	XEvent ev;
1738
1739	wax = sx;
1740	way = sy;
1741	wah = sh;
1742	waw = sw;
1743	switch(bpos) {
1744	default:
1745		wah -= bh;
1746		way += bh;
1747		XMoveWindow(dpy, barwin, sx, sy);
1748		break;
1749	case BarBot:
1750		wah -= bh;
1751		XMoveWindow(dpy, barwin, sx, sy + wah);
1752		break;
1753	case BarOff:
1754		XMoveWindow(dpy, barwin, sx, sy - bh);
1755		break;
1756	}
1757	XSync(dpy, False);
1758	while(XCheckMaskEvent(dpy, EnterWindowMask, &ev));
1759}
1760
1761void
1762updatesizehints(Client *c) {
1763	long msize;
1764	XSizeHints size;
1765
1766	if(!XGetWMNormalHints(dpy, c->win, &size, &msize) || !size.flags)
1767		size.flags = PSize;
1768	c->flags = size.flags;
1769	if(c->flags & PBaseSize) {
1770		c->basew = size.base_width;
1771		c->baseh = size.base_height;
1772	}
1773	else if(c->flags & PMinSize) {
1774		c->basew = size.min_width;
1775		c->baseh = size.min_height;
1776	}
1777	else
1778		c->basew = c->baseh = 0;
1779	if(c->flags & PResizeInc) {
1780		c->incw = size.width_inc;
1781		c->inch = size.height_inc;
1782	}
1783	else
1784		c->incw = c->inch = 0;
1785	if(c->flags & PMaxSize) {
1786		c->maxw = size.max_width;
1787		c->maxh = size.max_height;
1788	}
1789	else
1790		c->maxw = c->maxh = 0;
1791	if(c->flags & PMinSize) {
1792		c->minw = size.min_width;
1793		c->minh = size.min_height;
1794	}
1795	else if(c->flags & PBaseSize) {
1796		c->minw = size.base_width;
1797		c->minh = size.base_height;
1798	}
1799	else
1800		c->minw = c->minh = 0;
1801	if(c->flags & PAspect) {
1802		c->minax = size.min_aspect.x;
1803		c->maxax = size.max_aspect.x;
1804		c->minay = size.min_aspect.y;
1805		c->maxay = size.max_aspect.y;
1806	}
1807	else
1808		c->minax = c->maxax = c->minay = c->maxay = 0;
1809	c->isfixed = (c->maxw && c->minw && c->maxh && c->minh
1810			&& c->maxw == c->minw && c->maxh == c->minh);
1811}
1812
1813void
1814updatetitle(Client *c) {
1815	if(!gettextprop(c->win, netatom[NetWMName], c->name, sizeof c->name))
1816		gettextprop(c->win, wmatom[WMName], c->name, sizeof c->name);
1817}
1818
1819void
1820updatewmhints(Client *c) {
1821	XWMHints *wmh;
1822
1823	if((wmh = XGetWMHints(dpy, c->win))) {
1824		c->isurgent = (wmh->flags & XUrgencyHint) ? True : False;
1825		XFree(wmh);
1826	}
1827}
1828
1829
1830void
1831view(const char *arg) {
1832	unsigned int i;
1833
1834	for(i = 0; i < LENGTH(tags); i++)
1835		tmp[i] = (NULL == arg);
1836	tmp[idxoftag(arg)] = True;
1837
1838	if(memcmp(seltags, tmp, TAGSZ) != 0) {
1839		memcpy(prevtags, seltags, TAGSZ);
1840		memcpy(seltags, tmp, TAGSZ);
1841		arrange();
1842	}
1843}
1844
1845void
1846viewprevtag(const char *arg) {
1847
1848	memcpy(tmp, seltags, TAGSZ);
1849	memcpy(seltags, prevtags, TAGSZ);
1850	memcpy(prevtags, tmp, TAGSZ);
1851	arrange();
1852}
1853
1854/* There's no way to check accesses to destroyed windows, thus those cases are
1855 * ignored (especially on UnmapNotify's).  Other types of errors call Xlibs
1856 * default error handler, which may call exit.  */
1857int
1858xerror(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee) {
1859	if(ee->error_code == BadWindow
1860	|| (ee->request_code == X_SetInputFocus && ee->error_code == BadMatch)
1861	|| (ee->request_code == X_PolyText8 && ee->error_code == BadDrawable)
1862	|| (ee->request_code == X_PolyFillRectangle && ee->error_code == BadDrawable)
1863	|| (ee->request_code == X_PolySegment && ee->error_code == BadDrawable)
1864	|| (ee->request_code == X_ConfigureWindow && ee->error_code == BadMatch)
1865	|| (ee->request_code == X_GrabKey && ee->error_code == BadAccess)
1866	|| (ee->request_code == X_CopyArea && ee->error_code == BadDrawable))
1867		return 0;
1868	fprintf(stderr, "dwm: fatal error: request code=%d, error code=%d\n",
1869		ee->request_code, ee->error_code);
1870	return xerrorxlib(dpy, ee); /* may call exit */
1871}
1872
1873int
1874xerrordummy(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee) {
1875	return 0;
1876}
1877
1878/* Startup Error handler to check if another window manager
1879 * is already running. */
1880int
1881xerrorstart(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee) {
1882	otherwm = True;
1883	return -1;
1884}
1885
1886void
1887zoom(const char *arg) {
1888	Client *c = sel;
1889
1890	if(!sel || !dozoom || sel->isfloating)
1891		return;
1892	if(c == nexttiled(clients))
1893		if(!(c = nexttiled(c->next)))
1894			return;
1895	detach(c);
1896	attach(c);
1897	focus(c);
1898	arrange();
1899}
1900
1901int
1902main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1903	if(argc == 2 && !strcmp("-v", argv[1]))
1904		eprint("dwm-"VERSION", © 2006-2008 dwm engineers, see LICENSE for details\n");
1905	else if(argc != 1)
1906		eprint("usage: dwm [-v]\n");
1907
1908	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
1909	if(!(dpy = XOpenDisplay(0)))
1910		eprint("dwm: cannot open display\n");
1911
1912	checkotherwm();
1913	setup();
1914	scan();
1915	run();
1916	cleanup();
1917
1918	XCloseDisplay(dpy);
1919	return 0;
1920}